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Pathogen:
Fungi and bacteria
Type:
Fungi and bacteria
Risk:
HIGH
CONTROL
Chemical treatments
Ecological treatments
Biocontrol treatments
Recommendations
Avoid pruning during periods of high humidity or rain.
Properly disinfect pruning tools before and after each use.
Remove and destroy branches affected by cankers to reduce sources of inoculum.
Apply healing or protective products after pruning sensitive crops.
Avoid mechanical injuries during agricultural work or the use of machinery.
Maintain balanced fertilization to strengthen the plant's immune system.
Avoid excess nitrogen, as it promotes susceptible tender tissues.
Carry out preventive treatments with fungicides or bactericides authorized in endemic areas.
Promote crop aeration through appropriate planting frameworks and weed control.
Periodically monitor trees or plants for early detection of symptoms.
Select resistant or tolerant varieties if available.
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
18°C – 28°C
70% – 95%
TRANSMISSION ROUTES
Rain, wind, contaminated tools, vector insects, contact between plants, irrigation water, infected pruning remains
Pathogen:
Fungi and bacteria
Type:
Fungi and bacteria
Risk:
HIGH
DESCRIPTION
Cankers on plants can be caused by various phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. Among the most common fungi involved are *Nectria spp.*, *Cytospora spp.* and *Botryosphaeria spp.*, while among the bacteria *Pseudomonas syringae* and *Erwinia amylovora* stand out. These organisms establish themselves in woody tissues through wounds, prunings or natural fissures. Once they penetrate, they begin to multiply locally, affecting living cells and destroying tissues by releasing toxins or degradative enzymes. Fungi usually form resistance structures such as spores, which remain viable for long periods in plant remains or soil. When environmental conditions are favorable—temperate temperatures and high humidity—these structures germinate and produce mycelium that expands through the internal tissues, causing necrosis. In the case of bacteria, they spread quickly through splashes of water or contaminated tools, colonizing vascular tissues and causing cell collapse. The infection is perpetuated with new cycles of spread from active or latent cankers.
The disease that these fungi and bacteria cause in plants manifests itself mainly in branches, trunks and stems. The pathology is characterized by the formation of sunken, dark lesions with defined edges, known as cankers, which interrupt the flow of sap and progressively weaken the structure of the plant. These lesions usually expand in a circular or elongated shape, causing cracking of the bark and resinous or watery exudations. In advanced cases, the affected tissue becomes completely necrotic, causing the dieback of branches and, if the canker surrounds the main stem, it can cause the total death of the plant.
Dark spots on the stem or branches, gummy or watery exudates, longitudinal cracks in the bark, dieback of branches, general decay of the plant, bulges or deformations in affected areas, detachment of the bark, reduction in vegetative vigor.
TREATMENTS
RECOMMENDATIONS
Avoid pruning during periods of high humidity or rain.
Properly disinfect pruning tools before and after each use.
Remove and destroy branches affected by cankers to reduce sources of inoculum.
Apply healing or protective products after pruning sensitive crops.
Avoid mechanical injuries during agricultural work or the use of machinery.
Maintain balanced fertilization to strengthen the plant's immune system.
Avoid excess nitrogen, as it promotes susceptible tender tissues.
Carry out preventive treatments with fungicides or bactericides authorized in endemic areas.
Promote crop aeration through appropriate planting frameworks and weed control.
Periodically monitor trees or plants for early detection of symptoms.
Select resistant or tolerant varieties if available.
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
18°C – 28°C
70% – 95%
TRANSMISSION ROUTES
Rain, wind, contaminated tools, vector insects, contact between plants, irrigation water, infected pruning remains
*The recommended treatments are recommendations based on the authorities' databases and in no way replace the guidelines established by the legislation of each country.