Bacteriosis
Bacterial Stain
Xanthomonas Campestris
Pathogen:
Bacterium
Type:
Risk to the plant:
HIGH
DESCRIPTION
WHO CAUSES IT?
The pathogen Xanthomonas campestris is a gram-negative bacteria that is characterized by its ability to produce exopolysaccharides, which allows it to form biofilms and adhere to plant surfaces. This pathogen develops and proliferates in warm and humid conditions, commonly in temperatures ranging between 25°C and 30°C. Xanthomonas campestris is spread primarily through splashing water, contaminated tools, and infected plant material. When the bacteria comes into contact with the plant, it penetrates through stomata, wounds or natural openings, colonizing the intercellular spaces of the leaf parenchyma. Once established, the bacteria multiply, producing toxins and enzymes that degrade cell walls and cause necrosis in plant tissues. During unfavorable periods, Xanthomonas campestris can survive in plant remains and soil, reactivating when environmental conditions are again conducive to its development.
SYMPTOMS
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris on lettuce manifests as small watery lesions that quickly become necrotic. This disease causes a significant loss in crop quality, affecting both the appearance and structure of lettuce leaves. The lesions are initially small, watery and dark in color, expanding and developing a yellowish halo as the infection progresses. In severe cases, the Taches merge, forming large necrotic areas that can result in the death of leaf tissue.
- Small, dark, watery lesions on the leaves
- Yellowish halo around the Taches
- Expansion and fusion of lesions
- Leaf tissue necrosis
- Loss of visual and structural quality of the leaves
- Reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of the plant
- Premature death of leaf tissue in severe infections
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
25-30°C
80-100%
HOW IS IT SPREAD?
Irrigation water, Contaminated tools, Infected plant material, Contact between plants, Water splashes, Plant remains in the soil
HOW TO REMOVE IT?
Home remedies
There are no home treatments
Chemical treatments
• COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 35% (exp. in Cu) [WG] P/P
• CUPROUS OXIDE 50% (EXPR. IN CU) [WP] P/P
• CUPROCALCIC SULFATE 20% (EXPR. IN CU) [WG] P/P
Authorized treatments in organic farming
• COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 35% (exp. in Cu) [WG] P/P
• CUPROUS OXIDE 50% (EXPR. IN CU) [WP] P/P
• CUPROCALCIC SULFATE 20% (EXPR. IN CU) [WG] P/P
Insect allies
PREDATORY MITES
LADYBUGS
LACEWINGS
PARASITIC WASPS
HOVERFLIES OR PARASITIC FLIES
PREDATORY BUGS
There are no natural allies
Mycodiplosis oidii (predatory mosquito)
EFFECTIVE PRODUCTS TO ELIMINATE THIS DISEASE
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- Use certified and pathogen-free seeds.
- Implement crop rotation practices to reduce the accumulation of bacteria in the soil.
- Avoid sprinkler irrigation to minimize the spread of bacteria through splashing water.
- Improve air circulation between plants to reduce foliar humidity.
- Disinfect agricultural tools and equipment regularly.
- Eliminate and destroy infected plants and plant remains at the end of each crop cycle.
- Apply authorized bactericidal products preventively and following the manufacturer's recommendations.
- Maintain constant monitoring of the crop for early detection of symptoms and apply control measures immediately.
- Implement physical barriers, such as ground covers, to reduce contact between leaves and the ground.
- Avoid working on the crop when the plants are wet to prevent the spread of the bacteria.
Recommendations
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