Boron deficiency: what it is, how it develops, and how to solve it in fruit

Boron is an essential micronutrient for normal plant development, and unlike a disease caused by a pathogen, its deficiency does not have a process of reproduction or biological transmission. Boron is primarily involved in the formation and stability of cell walls, cell division and expansion, the growth of young tissues, the development of reproductive structures, and the transport and utilization of certain sugars and other compounds within the plant. Plants absorb boron mainly in the form of boric acid through their roots from the soil solution, and its availability depends on factors such as pH, soil texture, organic matter content, moisture, and the presence of other elements. Once absorbed, boron has limited mobility in many species, so young tissues, growing points, flowers, and developing fruits can suffer the consequences of insufficient supply. Deficiency usually occurs when the amount of boron available in the soil is insufficient to meet the plant's needs or when, even if boron is present in the soil, environmental conditions hinder its absorption. Drought or irregular irrigation can significantly reduce nutrient availability, while certain pH levels and very sandy soils can promote nutrient loss or decrease its uptake. As the deficiency persists, the formation of new tissues and reproductive structures is impaired, potentially affecting fruit set, growth, and quality. The severity of the problem depends on the plant species, variety, stage of development, and soil and irrigation conditions.